out_eia930__hourly_operations
Hourly time series of balancing authority net generation, interchange, and demand with imputed demand.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data is ready for use in analyses, but for practical reasons has not been denormalized and remains in narrow format.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, balancing_authority_code_eia
Usage Warnings
Contains rows where missing values were imputed.
This table is experimental and/or a work in progress and may change in the future.
Additional Details
This table is based on core_eia930__hourly_operations, but adds imputed demand where the original data was missing or anomalous. Codes explaining why values have been imputed can be found in the core_pudl__codes_imputation_reasons table.
Columns
Date and time converted to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
EIA short code identifying a balancing authority. May include Canadian and Mexican BAs.
Unaltered originally reported net generation for the specified period.
Reported net generation adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Reported net generation with outlying values removed and missing values imputed by EIA.
Original reported energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities.
Energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities, adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities, with outliers and missing values imputed by EIA.
Originally reported electricity demand, calculated by taking the net generation within the BA and subtracting the interchange with adjacent BAs.
Electricity demand adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Electricity demand calculated by subtracting BA interchange from net generation, with outliers and missing values imputed in PUDL.
Code describing why a demand value was flagged for imputation.
Electricity demand calculated by subtracting BA interchange from net generation, with outliers and missing values imputed by EIA.
Day ahead demand forecast.
out_eia930__hourly_aggregated_demand
Hourly time series of aggregated balancing authority demand by EIA region, interconnect, and continental US.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data is ready for use in analyses, but for practical reasons has not been denormalized and remains in narrow format.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, aggregation_level, aggregation_group
Usage Warnings
Some columns contain subtotals; use caution when choosing columns to aggregate.
This table is experimental and/or a work in progress and may change in the future.
Additional Details
The spatial granularity of each record is indicated by aggregation_level.
Columns
Date and time converted to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
Indicates the spacial granularity of aggregated value.
Label identifying a group of balancing authorities to be used in aggregating demand E.g. a region of the US or a whole interconnect.
Electricity demand calculated by subtracting BA interchange from net generation, with outliers and missing values imputed in PUDL.
out_eia930__hourly_subregion_demand
Hourly time series of balancing authority subregion demand with imputed demand.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data is ready for use in analyses, but for practical reasons has not been denormalized and remains in narrow format.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, balancing_authority_code_eia, balancing_authority_subregion_code_eia
Usage Warnings
Contains rows where missing values were imputed.
This table is experimental and/or a work in progress and may change in the future.
Additional Details
This table is based on core_eia930__hourly_subregion_demand, but adds imputed demand where the original data was missing or anomalous. Codes explaining why values have been imputed can be found in the core_pudl__codes_imputation_reasons table.
Columns
Date and time converted to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
EIA short code identifying a balancing authority. May include Canadian and Mexican BAs.
Code identifying subregions of larger balancing authorities.
Originally reported electricity demand, calculated by taking the net generation within the BA and subtracting the interchange with adjacent BAs.
Electricity demand calculated by subtracting BA interchange from net generation, with outliers and missing values imputed in PUDL.
Code describing why a demand value was flagged for imputation.
core_eia930__hourly_interchange
Hourly time series of balancing authority interchange.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data has been cleaned and organized into well-modeled tables that serve as building blocks for downstream wide tables and analyses.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, balancing_authority_code_eia, balancing_authority_code_adjacent_eia
Additional Details
Interchange is the net metered tie line flow from one BA to another directly interconnected BA. Total net interchange is the net sum of all interchange occurring between a BA and its directly interconnected neighboring BAs. Negative interchange values indicate net inflows, and positive interchange values indicate net outflows.
Columns
Timestamp at the end of the hour for which the data is reported.
EIA short code identifying a balancing authority. May include Canadian and Mexican BAs.
EIA short code for the other adjacent balancing authority, with which interchange is occurring. Includes Canadian and Mexican BAs.
Original reported energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities.
core_eia930__hourly_operations
Hourly time series of balancing authority net generation, interchange, and demand.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data has been cleaned and organized into well-modeled tables that serve as building blocks for downstream wide tables and analyses.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, balancing_authority_code_eia
Additional Details
Net generation represents the metered output of electric generating units in a BA's electric system. This generation only includes generating units that are managed by a BA or whose operations are visible to a BA.
Generators on the distribution system—both large-scale resources and small-scale distributed resources, such as rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems—are typically not included.
In some electricity publications, EIA reports generation from all utility-scale generating units in the United States. BAs only meter generating units that are from a subset of all utility-scale generating units. As a result, when hourly generation from the EIA-930 is aggregated to monthly or annual levels, the results will be lower than monthly and annual aggregations in other EIA electricity publications.
Interchange is the net metered tie line flow from one BA to another directly interconnected BA. This table includes the net sum of all interchange occurring between a BA and all of its directly interconnected neighboring BAs. For a detailed breakdown of interchange between each pair of adjacent BAs see core_eia930__hourly_interchange.
Negative interchange values indicate net inflows, and positive interchange values indicate net outflows.
Demand is a calculated value representing the amount of electricity load within a BA's electric system. A BA derives its demand value by taking the total metered net electricity generation within its electric system and subtracting the total metered net electricity interchange occurring between the BA and its neighboring BAs.
Each BA produces a day-ahead electricity demand forecast for every hour of the next day. These forecasts help BAs plan for and coordinate the reliable operation of their electric system.
Columns
Timestamp at the end of the hour for which the data is reported.
EIA short code identifying a balancing authority. May include Canadian and Mexican BAs.
Unaltered originally reported net generation for the specified period.
Reported net generation adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Reported net generation with outlying values removed and missing values imputed by EIA.
Original reported energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities.
Energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities, adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Energy interchange between adjacent balancing authorities, with outliers and missing values imputed by EIA.
Originally reported electricity demand, calculated by taking the net generation within the BA and subtracting the interchange with adjacent BAs.
Electricity demand adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Electricity demand calculated by subtracting BA interchange from net generation, with outliers and missing values imputed by EIA.
Day ahead demand forecast.
core_eia930__hourly_subregion_demand
Hourly time series of balancing authority subregion demand.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data has been cleaned and organized into well-modeled tables that serve as building blocks for downstream wide tables and analyses.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, balancing_authority_code_eia, balancing_authority_subregion_code_eia
Additional Details
For select BAs, balancing authority subregion demand provides a further level of geographic disaggregation (for example, load zones, weather zones, operating company areas, local BAs, etc.) within a BA's electric system.
Columns
Timestamp at the end of the hour for which the data is reported.
EIA short code identifying a balancing authority. May include Canadian and Mexican BAs.
Code identifying subregions of larger balancing authorities.
Originally reported electricity demand for the balancing area subregion. Note that different BAs have different methods of calculating and allocating subregion demand.
core_eia930__hourly_net_generation_by_energy_source
Hourly time series of balancing authority net generation by energy source.
- Most-recent data:
2026
- Processing:
Data has been cleaned and organized into well-modeled tables that serve as building blocks for downstream wide tables and analyses.
- Source:
EIA Form 930 -- Hourly and Daily Balancing Authority Operations Report
- Primary key:
datetime_utc, balancing_authority_code_eia, generation_energy_source
Usage Warnings
Contains known calculation discrepancies.
Additional Details
BAs report generation from dual-fuel (switching from one fuel to another) and multiple-fuel (using multiple fuels simultaneously) generators under the actual energy source used, if known, and under the generator's primary energy source, if not known.
To maintain generator confidentiality, generation may sometimes be reported in the Other category if too few generators are reported for a particular energy source category.
In theory, the sum of net generation across all energy sources should equal the total net generation reported in the balancing authority operations table. In practice, there are many cases in which these values diverge significantly, which require further investigation.
Columns
Timestamp at the end of the hour for which the data is reported.
EIA short code identifying a balancing authority. May include Canadian and Mexican BAs.
High level energy source used to produce electricity.
Unaltered originally reported net generation for the specified period.
Reported net generation adjusted by EIA to reflect non-physical commercial transfers through pseudo-ties and dynamic scheduling.
Reported net generation with outlying values removed and missing values imputed by EIA.